HLB SPE Applications

Environmental Occurrence of Artificial Sweeteners Artificial sweeteners, such as sucralose, acesulfame-K, and saccharin, are widely used as sugar substitutes in food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Due to their high water solubility, chemical stability, and resistance to biodegradation, these compounds pass largely unchanged through wastewater treatment plants and have been detected in surface waters, groundwater, and even […]

Sources of Estrogenic Compounds in Water Systems Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), particularly steroid hormones such as 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), enter surface waters through multiple pathways. Municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents are primary contributors, as conventional biological treatment fails to completely remove these micropollutants. Agricultural runoff from livestock operations adds natural hormones, while

Introduction The widespread use of antidepressants—particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)—has led to their ubiquitous detection in municipal wastewater. These compounds, often only partially metabolized in the human body, are excreted as parent drugs and active metabolites, entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) through domestic sewage. Despite treatment processes, many antidepressants

Environmental Occurrence of Cosmetic Ingredients and Preservatives Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) represent a diverse class of emerging contaminants in aquatic environments. These compounds enter surface waters through multiple pathways including wastewater treatment plant effluents, agricultural runoff, and direct disposal. Cosmetic ingredients such as UV filters (benzophenones, octocrylene), preservatives (parabens, triclosan), fragrances (musk compounds),

Occurrence of Antibiotic Residues in Surface Water Antibiotic residues in river water represent a significant environmental concern with far-reaching implications for ecosystem health and human safety. These pharmaceutical compounds enter aquatic systems through various pathways including wastewater treatment plant effluents, agricultural runoff, and improper disposal of unused medications. The persistence of antibiotics in surface water

Understanding Pharmaceutical Impurities in Modern Drug Testing In pharmaceutical testing, impurities represent a critical concern that directly impacts drug safety, efficacy, and regulatory compliance. These unwanted substances can originate from various sources including raw materials, manufacturing processes, degradation products, or environmental contaminants. Pharmaceutical impurities are broadly categorized into organic impurities (related substances, degradation products), inorganic